The analysis of the quality of the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship is one of the most important preconditions for improving the tourism business environment. In this regard, the new institutional economy, which focuses on the institutional environment, interprets the relations of tourist actors, which undeniable influence of government, laws and governance structure is undeniable. In this research, an explanation of the factors influencing the institutional environment of the tourism sector has been attempted with the concept of institutionalism and a qualitative approach (thematic analysis). Therefore, through in-depth interviews with 24 economic and tourism experts, institutional factors affecting the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship were identified and explained. The results of the research identified three main themes: the legal system, government policies and science and technology with their sub-themes, It was identified that the business environment of tourism is affected by them and the management and organization. . .

Transaction cost, the cost that is not considered in the production function of the business, is actually the success or failure of the market. Examining various international reports (such as the Doing business, competitiveness, and global entrepreneurship monitoring) as well as the evidence and current status of Iran tourism indicate high transaction costs and inadequate business environment. Accordingly, the institutionalism explanation of the factors affecting the market transaction costs and tourism businesses is the main object of this study. Based on this, using the qualitative approach (theme analysis) and the profound interview with tourism market experts, the factors affecting the Iran tourism market transaction costs based on the model of new institutionalism have been identified and analyzed. The results of this survey indicate that the six themes identified in the study include the costs of information and knowledge, technology, business start-up, macroeconomic environment, capital and the cost of contracts, are the main elements of transaction costs of tourism in Iran and its impact has led to internalization, the lack of growth in the size of businesses and the reduction of partnerships among the players in the tourism industry.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the theoretical integration or eclecticism of New Institutional Economics (NIE) on the basis of the four-stage Tillings model. The first step demonstrates that the new institutionalists, as to confront the hegemonic scientific mainstream, stated that their goal was to moderate neoclassical assumptions, but in fact, their main goal was to expand and strengthen institutional thinking in the neoclassical context. The second step indicates that NIE, in terms of assumptions such as methodological individualism and limited rationality, considers the institutional framework as an interactive rule that individuals implement to reduce the Transaction Cost (TC). TC is the connecting point that brings institutions into neoclassical economic performance,so it can be concluded that the NIE has been successful in establishing a metalanguage. The third step maintains that the composition is synthetic and vertical. An in-depth study of the issue in the last step illustrates that the most important challenge of the NIE is the occurrence of infinite regression due to conditional optimization of the institutional framework. The occurrence of such conflicts does not imply an unintentional theoretical eclecticism, but rather the use of neoclassical theory as a means of influencing institutional thinking among economists. All of these results indicate the proper integration of NIE as a research program.

This article tries to answer the question of how institutional quality and trade can be effective in tourism development and which institutional factor among the indicators of good governance will have the greatest impact on tourism. For this purpose, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to calculate a weighted average for two indices of Institutional Quality and Tourism Development. Then, taking into account the possibility of differences in countries and regions, using Multilevel Regression Modeling (MRM) and estimates in 5 regions of Africa, Arab countries, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and North America, Latin America and the Caribbean Sea, and in 119 countries were made between 2002 and 2020. The results of the inter-class correlation coefficient showed that most of the differences are between countries and the region in which the countries are located is not the criterion for the differences in tourism development. Also, the year variable has appeared with 0.048 positive and significant influence on the explanatory variable in the model. The results related to the coefficients of the variables showed that institutional quality, trade index, and per capita income will have a positive and significant effect on the tourism index, and inflation will have a negative effect on the development of tourism. Also, among the individual indicators of good governance, Political Stability, and Regulatory Quality with a positive sign and corruption control with a negative sign appeared significantly in the results.